备份现有apt源配置

cp /etc/apt/sources.list /etc/apt/sources.list.old

编辑源文件

vim /etc/apt/sources.list

官方源

deb http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm main contrib non-free non-free-firmware
deb http://deb.debian.org/debian-security bookworm-security main contrib non-free non-free-firmware
deb http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm-updates main contrib non-free non-free-firmware
deb http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm-backports main contrib non-free non-free-firmware

阿里云源

deb https://mirrors.aliyun.com/debian/ bookworm main contrib non-free non-free-firmware
deb https://mirrors.aliyun.com/debian-security/ bookworm-security main contrib non-free non-free-firmware
deb https://mirrors.aliyun.com/debian/ bookworm-updates main contrib non-free non-free-firmware
deb https://mirrors.aliyun.com/debian/ bookworm-backports main contrib non-free non-free-firmware

中科大源

deb https://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/debian/ bookworm main contrib non-free non-free-firmware
deb https://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/debian-security/ bookworm-security main contrib non-free non-free-firmware
deb https://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/debian/ bookworm-updates main contrib non-free non-free-firmware
deb https://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/debian/ bookworm-backports main contrib non-free non-free-firmware

清华大学源

deb https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/debian/ bookworm main contrib non-free non-free-firmware
deb https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/debian-security/ bookworm-security main contrib non-free non-free-firmware
deb https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/debian/ bookworm-updates main contrib non-free non-free-firmware
deb https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/debian/ bookworm-backports main contrib non-free non-free-firmware

网易源

deb https://mirrors.163.com/debian/ bookworm main contrib non-free non-free-firmware
deb https://mirrors.163.com/debian-security/ bookworm-security main contrib non-free non-free-firmware
deb https://mirrors.163.com/debian/ bookworm-updates main contrib non-free non-free-firmware
deb https://mirrors.163.com/debian/ bookworm-backports main contrib non-free non-free-firmware

注意事项

Debian 12 默认支持 HTTPS 源，但如果遇到拉取失败，可以先安装

apt install apt-transport-https ca-certificates